Process for continuous generating grinding of pre-cut workpieces.

专利摘要:
A method for the continuous generating grinding of pre-toothed workpieces of a production lot is proposed, with automatic process monitoring taking place in the context of this method. The process monitoring enables an early detection of grinding wheel chippings. A large number of workpieces are machined with a generating grinding machine. For this purpose, the workpieces are clamped on at least one workpiece spindle and successively brought into rolling engagement with a grinding wheel. At least one measured variable is monitored during processing. A warning indicator for a grinding wheel chipping is determined from this. If the warning indicator suggests a grinding wheel chipping, the grinding wheel is automatically examined. For this purpose, the head area of the grinding wheel is traversed with a dressing tool and a contact signal is determined while the tip area is traversed. A breakout indicator is determined by analyzing the contact signal, the breakout indicator showing whether a grinding wheel has broken away. If so, the grinding wheel is dressed as often as necessary to remove the grinding wheel chipped. Alternatively, the grinding wheel is checked directly on the first dressing stroke.
公开号:CH715989A1
申请号:CH00374/19
申请日:2019-03-22
公开日:2020-09-30
发明作者:Dietz Christian；Eger André；Graf Jürg
申请人:Reishauer Ag；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

TECHNICAL AREA
The present invention relates to a method for the continuous generating grinding of pre-toothed workpieces of a production lot with a generating grinding machine, with automatic process monitoring taking place in the context of this method. The invention also relates to a generating grinding machine which is designed to carry out such a method, and to a computer program product for controlling such a method.
STATE OF THE ART
In continuous generating grinding, a gear blank is machined in rolling engagement with a helical profiled grinding wheel (grinding worm). Generating grinding is a very demanding, generating machining process that is based on a large number of synchronized, precise individual movements and is influenced by many boundary conditions. Information on the basics of continuous generating grinding can be found e.g. in the book by H. Schriefer et al., "Continuous Generating Gear Grinding", Reishauer AG, Wallisellen 2010, ISBN 978-3-033-02535-6, Chapter 2.3 ("Basic Methods of Generating Grinding"), pages 121 to 129.
Theoretically, the tooth flank shape in continuous generating grinding is determined solely by the trued profile shape of the grinding worm and the setting data of the machine. In practice, however, there are deviations from the ideal state in automated production, which can have a decisive influence on the grinding results. In the aforementioned book by Schriefer et al. This is discussed in Chapter 6.9 (“Practical Know-How for Statistical Individual Deviation Analysis”) on pages 531 to 541 and in Chapter 6.10 (“Analyzing and Eliminating Gear Tooth Deviations”) on pages 542 to 551.
[0004] Traditionally, the quality of the gears produced in the generating grinding process is only assessed after the end of machining by measuring the gearing outside the processing machine (“offline”) on the basis of a large number of measured variables. There are various standards that prescribe how the gears are to be measured and how to check whether the measurement results are within or outside of a specified tolerance. The standards also provide information on the relationships between the measurement results and the service properties of the gearing. A summary of such gear measurements can be found e.g. in the aforementioned book by Schriefer et al. in Chapter 3 ("Quality Assurance in Continuous Genering Gear Grinding") on pages 155 to 200.
In the case of manual operation, the operator recognizes deviations from the specifications in the machining process on the basis of his experience, or such deviations are recognized during the subsequent gear inspection. The operator then guides the machining process back into a stable range by changing the setting values. To automate the processing, however, it is desirable that a process monitoring system intervenes automatically in a stabilizing manner.
From the prior art, suitable strategies for process monitoring in continuous generating grinding are so far only partially known.
[0007] The company presentation "NORDMANN Tool Monitoring", version from October 5, 2017, accessed on February 25, 2019 from https://www.nordmann.eu/pd/f/praesentation/Nordmann_presentation_ENG.pdf, describes various measures for tool monitoring general cutting machine tools (page 3). Tool monitoring can be carried out during the machining process by measuring the effective power, the machining force or the structure-borne noise (page 7). In particular, it can be used to detect tool breakages and tool wear (pages 9 to 14). A large number of sensors are available for the various measuring tasks in the context of tool monitoring (pages 31 to 37). The active power can be determined using current measurements (page 28). Corresponding current sensors are known for this (page 37), or the current can be monitored without sensors using data from the CNC control (page 40). The presentation shows examples of applications in various machining processes, including a few brief examples of processes that are relevant to gear machining, in particular hobbing (pages 41 and 42), hard peeling (page 59) and honing (page 60). Dressing methods are also covered (page 92). On the other hand, continuous generating grinding is only mentioned in passing (e.g. pages 3 and 61).
Information on (cylindrical) grinding and dressing can also be found in Klaus Nordmann, “Process monitoring during grinding and dressing”, Schleifen + Polieren 05/2004, Fachverlag Möller, Velbert (DE), pages 52-56. Here, too, continuous generating grinding is not discussed in more detail.
[0009] Vitrified bonded, dressable grinding wheels are often used in generating grinding. A major problem with such grinding worms is local breakouts in one or more worm threads of the grinding wheel. Grinding wheel chippings mean that the tooth flanks of the toothing to be machined are not completely machined over their entire length when they come into engagement with the grinding wheel in the area of the chipping. In most cases, not all workpieces in a batch are affected to the same extent by a grinding wheel breakout, since the grinding wheel is usually moved along its longitudinal axis during the production of a batch in order to continuously bring unused areas of the grinding wheel into engagement with the workpiece (so-called shifting). Workpieces that have only been machined from intact areas of the grinding wheel generally do not show any defects.
This makes the detection of machining errors due to grinding wheel chipped more difficult. Since only random checks are usually carried out during the gear inspection, machining errors due to grinding wheel chippings are often not recognized or only recognized very late in the gear inspection. It is not uncommon for such errors to come to light only after the workpiece has been installed in a gear unit during an end-of-line test (EOL test). This entails costly dismantling processes. In addition, the same machining error may have occurred in a large number of other workpieces in the meantime. This can lead to the fact that, under certain circumstances, significant parts of a production batch have to be discarded as NOK parts (NOK = "not OK"). Even a single unrecognized chipped grinding wheel can cause very high follow-up costs. It is therefore desirable to reliably detect or even prevent chipped grinding wheels within the framework of automatic process monitoring.
In addition to chipped grinding wheels, other phenomena can have a negative impact on the quality of the gears produced throughout a production batch. It is known that raw parts are often not pre-machined immediately or that differences in hardness and / or hardness distortions occur on the tooth flanks of the raw parts. Small differences in the composition of the grinding worm can also lead to different grinding or dressing behavior. Poor dressing quality is also often the cause of a loss of quality in the manufactured toothing. In addition, due to the process, the radius of the grinding worm is reduced by the respective dressing amount during dressing. For this reason, the meshing conditions during generating grinding can change drastically and often worsen during the machining of a production batch. The setting values selected at the start of machining must then be changed. Despite all the precautions taken to ensure constant machining quality, it is inevitable that each workpiece will have individual differences in machining.
In the case of automated generating grinding of a production lot, the setting values, the tools, the clamping devices and the measurement and automation technology are therefore determined before machining. At the start of machining, an operator then monitors the process, and after reject-free production has been achieved, the production batch is then further processed almost automatically. This process can be unstable or disturbed by two main influences:<tb> <SEP> firstly through the tool, i.e. through breakouts or through poor contact conditions after dressing; and<tb> <SEP>, secondly, by the workpiece, which can have machining errors in the pre-machining.
[0013] Process monitoring should record these influences and initiate measures for automated finishing.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for process monitoring during continuous generating grinding, with which process deviations can be recognized early and / or prevented.
[0015] This object is achieved by the method of claim 1. Further embodiments are given in the dependent claims.
A method for process monitoring during continuous generating grinding of pre-toothed workpieces with a generating grinding machine is thus specified. The generating grinding machine has a tool spindle and at least one workpiece spindle. A worm-shaped profiled grinding wheel with one or more worm flights is clamped on the tool spindle and rotatable about a tool axis. The workpieces can be clamped on the at least one workpiece spindle. The procedure includes:<tb> <SEP> Machining the workpieces with the generating grinding machine, the workpieces for machining being clamped on the at least one workpiece spindle and being brought into rolling engagement with the grinding wheel one after the other;<tb> <SEP> Monitoring at least one measured variable while the workpieces are being machined; and<tb> <SEP> Determination of a warning indicator for a process deviation from the at least one monitored measured variable.
According to the invention, the process monitoring is used to receive early indications in a generating grinding machine of impermissible deviations of the machining process from its normal sequence and to derive a warning indicator therefrom. In the simplest case, the warning indicator can e.g. be a binary Boolean variable that indicates in binary form whether or not there is a suspicion of a process deviation. The warning indicator can also e.g. be a number that is greater, the greater the calculated probability of a process deviation, or a vector quantity that also indicates the measurement (s) on the basis of which a process deviation is suspected or what type of possible process deviation is detected. Many other implementations of the warning indicator are also conceivable.
In particular, the process deviation to be recognized can be a grinding wheel breakout. Accordingly, the warning indicator is a warning indicator that indicates a possible grinding wheel chipping. As already stated in the introduction, grinding wheel chippings that remain undetected can lead to large parts of a production batch having to be discarded as NOK parts, and it is therefore of particular advantage if the process monitoring is set up to issue a warning indicator that indicates possible grinding wheel chippings .
Various actions can be triggered automatically on the basis of the warning indicator. The warning indicator can be used to automatically decide that the workpiece that was last machined should be sorted out as a NOK part or sent for a special check. The warning indicator can also be used to trigger an optical or acoustic warning signal in order to prompt the operator of the generating grinding machine to carry out a visual inspection of the grinding wheel.
[0020] The warning indicator advantageously triggers an automatic check of the grinding wheel for a grinding wheel chipping when the warning indicator indicates a grinding wheel chipping.
This automatic check can be carried out in various ways. So it is e.g. conceivable to use an optical sensor or a digital camera for checking and e.g. Using digital image processing methods to automatically determine whether a grinding wheel has broken away. For this purpose it is also conceivable to check acoustic emissions from the grinding wheel, which occur when a coolant jet hits the grinding wheel and are transmitted to an acoustic sensor via the coolant jet. Advantageously, however, a dressing device with a dressing tool is used for automatic checking, as it is often already present on the generating grinding machine. To check the grinding wheel, either only one head area of the grinding worm flights can be traversed in a targeted manner, or a complete dressing stroke can be carried out, as would also be carried out with normal dressing of the grinding wheel.
If only the head area is run over, the following concrete steps can be carried out as soon as the warning indicator indicates a grinding wheel breakout:<tb> <SEP> passing over a head area of the grinding wheel with the dressing tool;<tb> <SEP> determining a contact signal while the head region is being traversed, the contact signal indicating contact of the dressing tool with the head region of the grinding wheel; and<tb> <SEP> Determination of a breakout indicator by analyzing the contact signal, the breakout indicator showing whether a grinding wheel has broken off.
If there is no contact in a certain area of a grinding worm gear, this is a strong indication that a grinding wheel has actually broken away. This is indicated by the outbreak indicator.
This traversing of the head area with the dressing tool can also be carried out at regular intervals regardless of the value of the warning indicator, e.g. after machining a specified number of workpieces, in order to be able to recognize those grinding wheel chippings that have remained undetected during the monitoring of the measured variables during the machining process.
In the simplest case, the outbreak indicator can in turn be a binary Boolean variable which indicates in binary form whether or not there is an outbreak. However, far more complex implementations of the outbreak indicator are also conceivable. In particular, the breakout indicator preferably also indicates the location of the grinding wheel breakout along at least one of the worm threads on the grinding wheel.
The contact of the dressing tool with the head area of the grinding wheel can be detected in various ways. For example, the generating grinding machine can have an acoustic sensor in order to acoustically detect the engagement of the dressing tool with the grinding wheel on the basis of the structure-borne noise generated during the engagement. The contact signal is then derived from an acoustic signal that is determined with the aid of the acoustic sensor. If the dressing tool is clamped on a motorized dressing spindle driven to rotate, the contact signal can instead or additionally be derived from a power signal which is representative of the power consumption of the dressing spindle while the head area is being passed over.
If the chipping indicator indicates the presence of a grinding wheel chipping, the method can provide that the grinding wheel is completely dressed in order to further characterize and / or eliminate the grinding wheel chipping.
As already stated, it is also conceivable to directly carry out a complete dressing process to check the grinding wheel for breakouts. In this case, the grinding wheel is checked for breakouts and the breakouts are characterized by monitoring this dressing process.
In order to monitor the dressing process and to characterize the grinding wheel breakout in more detail, a dressing power signal can be determined during dressing, which is representative of the power consumption of the dressing spindle and / or the tool spindle during dressing, and a breakout can be determined by analyzing the course of the dressing power signal can be determined during dressing. The breakout size reflects at least one characteristic of the grinding wheel breakout, e.g. where the grinding wheel break is located and / or how deep the affected grinding worm thread is damaged in the radial direction.
The size of the breakout can then be used to automatically decide whether the breakout of the grinding wheel can sensibly be eliminated by dressing once or several times. If this is not the case, a signal can be given to the user that the grinding wheel needs to be replaced, or further processing can be controlled in such a way that further workpieces are only processed with undamaged areas of the grinding worm.
The analysis of the course of the dressing power signal to determine the breakout can include the following step: Determining a fluctuation quantity, the fluctuation quantity indicating local changes in the size of the dressing power signal along at least one of the worm flights. For example, this fluctuation variable can allow direct conclusions to be drawn about the radial depth of the grinding wheel breakout.
As has already been explained, within the scope of the process monitoring proposed here, a warning indicator for a process deviation, in particular for a grinding wheel chipping, is determined in order to obtain information on possible process deviations at an early stage. In order to determine this warning indicator, various measured variables can be monitored.
In particular, the monitored measured variables can include a dimension indicator for a tooth thickness dimension of the workpiece before machining. If the dimension indicator shows that the tooth thickness tolerance exceeds a permissible value or that there are other pre-machining errors, the warning indicator is set accordingly in order to interrupt machining so that damage to the grinding wheel can be avoided. If necessary, the grinding wheel can then be examined for possible breakouts due to the inadequate pre-processing of previous workpieces.
The dimension indicator is advantageously determined with a single centering probe already present in the machine tool and known per se, which is designed to measure the tooth gaps of the workpiece clamped on the workpiece spindle without contact. The tooth thickness measurement can be calibrated with a calibration workpiece, and limit values can be defined which the signals from the centering probe must adhere to so that the tooth thickness allowance is considered permissible. As a single centering probe e.g. a non-contact inductive or capacitive sensor can be used. In this case, the centering probe fulfills a double function: on the one hand, it is used for centering before the start of machining, and on the other hand, it is used to determine a tooth thickness allowance. Instead of the single centering probe, a separate sensor can also be used to determine the tooth thickness, e.g. a separate optical sensor, which may be preferred under certain circumstances at high rotation rates.
An early indication of the risk of a grinding wheel chipping can also be obtained by the fact that the monitored measured variables include a rotation rate deviation between a rotation rate of the workpiece spindle and a resulting rotation rate of the workpiece. If there is such a deviation, this indicates that the workpiece was not clamped correctly on the workpiece spindle and was therefore not properly taken along by it (slip). This can lead to the workpiece not being in the correct angular position when it is brought into engagement with the grinding worm, so that the grinding worm threads cannot correctly plunge into the tooth gaps of the workpiece. In such a situation, the workpiece is not machined correctly and machining forces can be so high that the grinding worm is severely damaged. By monitoring the rotation rates of the workpiece spindle and workpiece, such situations can ideally be recognized and the machining process stopped before the workpiece comes into contact with the grinding worm. A grinding wheel chipping can possibly still be avoided. If a yaw rate deviation is detected, the warning indicator is set accordingly. If necessary, the grinding wheel is examined for damage using the warning indicator.
[0036] Further relevant measured variables are the angular positions of the workpiece spindle and the workpiece clamped thereon before and after machining or the change in these angular positions during machining. In particular, the monitored measured variables can include an angular deviation that was determined by comparing an angular position of the workpiece spindle after machining the workpiece, an assigned angular position of the workpiece itself, an angular position of the workpiece spindle before machining the workpiece and an assigned angular position of the workpiece itself. If this angular deviation indicates that the angular difference between the angular position after machining and the angular position before machining on the workpiece spindle and on the workpiece itself differ from one another, this is in turn an indication that the workpiece was not correctly picked up by the workpiece spindle. This in turn provides an opportunity to set the warning indicator accordingly and, if necessary, to be on the safe side, to examine the grinding wheel for damage.
The rotation rate or angular position of the workpiece are advantageously determined with the already mentioned single centering probe. Again, the single centering probe fulfills a double function: on the one hand, it is used for centering before the start of machining, and on the other hand, it is used to monitor the actual machining process. Instead of the single centering probe, a separate sensor can also be used to determine the rotation rate and / or angular position of the workpiece, e.g. a separate optical sensor, which may be preferred under certain circumstances at high rotation rates.
The single centering probe can advantageously be arranged on a side of the workpiece facing away from the grinding wheel. In this way there is no collision between the grinding wheel and the single centering probe and there is enough space for parallel, laterally arranged gripper jaws to handle the workpiece.
The monitored measured variables can also include a cutting power signal which indicates a current cutting power during the machining of each individual workpiece. The warning indicator then depends on the temporal progression of the cutting power signal over the machining of a workpiece. In particular, the occurrence of a pulse-like increase in the cutting power signal during machining can be an indication of a collision of the workpiece with a grinding worm gear, which can lead to a grinding wheel chipping, and the warning indicator can indicate this accordingly. The cutting power signal can in particular be determined by a current measurement on the tool spindle and can in this respect be a measure of the instantaneous current consumption of the tool spindle during the machining of a workpiece.
Another possibility for determining the warning indicator arises from the following considerations: When machining a workpiece with a damaged grinding wheel, the amount of material removed is smaller in the area of the grinding wheel chipping than in the intact areas of the grinding wheel. In the course of the shift movement, the workpieces increasingly get into the area of the grinding wheel breakout and / or out of this area. Accordingly, the amount of material removed per workpiece will first decrease and then increase again. This is reflected directly in the cutting energy used per workpiece, i.e. in the integral of the cutting performance over time.
In this respect, the method can include carrying out a continuous or discontinuous shift movement between the grinding wheel and the workpieces along the tool axis. The monitored measured variables can then include a cutting energy indicator for each workpiece, the cutting energy indicator representing a measure of an integrated cutting performance of the grinding wheel while the respective workpiece was being machined with the generating grinding machine. The warning indicator can then depend on how the cutting energy indicator changes over the production of several workpieces of a production lot, that is to say from workpiece to workpiece.
The cutting energy indicator can in particular be the integral of the power consumption of the tool spindle during the machining of an individual workpiece. Instead, the cutting energy indicator can also be another characteristic value that was derived from the power consumption of the tool spindle over the machining of an individual workpiece, e.g. around a suitably determined maximum value of the current consumption.
In order to be able to carry out an analysis at a later date, it is advantageous if the monitored measured variables and / or variables derived therefrom, in particular the warning indicator, are stored in a database together with a unique identifier for the respective workpiece. This data can be read out again at any time, e.g. as part of a later machining of similar workpieces.
The present invention further relates to a generating grinding machine which is designed to carry out the method explained above. In addition, it shows:<tb> <SEP> a tool spindle on which a worm-shaped profiled grinding wheel with one or more worm threads can be clamped and driven to rotate about a tool axis;<tb> <SEP> at least one workpiece spindle in order to drive a pre-toothed workpiece to rotate about a workpiece axis; and<tb> <SEP> a machine control which is designed to carry out the method of the type explained above.
To this end, the generating grinding machine can have further components, as mentioned above in the context of the various methods.
In particular, the generating grinding machine can comprise a dimension determining device in order to determine a dimension of the tooth thickness of a workpiece to be machined. As already explained, the dimension determining device can in particular receive and evaluate signals from the single centering probe.
The generating grinding machine can also have a first angle of rotation sensor for determining an angle of rotation of the workpiece spindle and a second angle of rotation sensor for determining an angle of rotation of the workpiece about the workpiece axis. As already explained, the single centering probe can serve as a second rotation angle sensor. The corresponding angles of rotation can be derived from the signals of the rotation angle sensors in a rotation angle determination device and the corresponding rotation rates can be derived in a rotation rate determination device.
The machine control of the generating grinding machine can also include a cutting power determination unit to determine the above-explained cutting power signal, and an analysis device which is designed to analyze how the cutting power signal changes over time during the machining of a workpiece. The machine control can also include a cutting energy determination device in order to calculate the cutting energy indicator for each workpiece, as well as a further analysis device which is designed to analyze how the cutting energy indicator changes from workpiece to workpiece of a production batch. These facilities can be implemented in software, e.g. in that the machine control comprises a microprocessor which is programmed to carry out said tasks. The cutting power determining device can be designed, for example, to read out current signals from an axis module for controlling the tool spindle, and the cutting energy determining device can be designed to integrate these signals across the machining of a workpiece.
The machine control can also include the aforementioned database, in which the measured variables and, if necessary, the variables derived therefrom, can be stored together with a unique identifier of the respective workpiece and, if necessary, further process parameters. The database can, however, also be implemented in a separate server which is connected to the machine control via a network.
The machine control can also have an output device for outputting a warning signal, e.g. an interface for sending the warning signal in digital form to a downstream device, a display for displaying the warning signal, an acoustic output device, etc.
The generating grinding machine can also advantageously have the already mentioned dressing device, and the machine control can comprise a dressing control device for controlling the dressing spindle and a dressing monitoring device in order to determine said contact signal and / or dressing power signal and from the course of these signals the said breakout indicator or to determine the breakout dimension. These units can in turn be implemented in software. In addition, the machine control can have an output device in order to output the breakout indicator or the breakout measure.
To detect contact between the dressing tool and the grinding wheel, the generating grinding machine can have the aforementioned acoustic sensor. The generating grinding machine can also have a power measuring device for determining the power consumption of the dressing spindle and / or a corresponding power measuring device for determining the power consumption of the tool spindle. For this purpose, the corresponding power measuring device can be designed, for example, to read out current signals from an axis module for controlling the dressing spindle or the tool spindle.
To carry out the process monitoring, the generating grinding machine can include a correspondingly configured control device. This can in particular include the already mentioned dimension determining device, rotational angle determining device, yaw rate determining device, cutting power determining unit, cutting energy determining device, analysis devices, dressing monitoring device, power measuring devices and output devices.
The present invention also provides a computer program. The computer program includes commands which cause a machine control in a generating grinding machine of the type explained above, in particular one or more processors of the machine control, to carry out the method explained above. The computer program can be stored in a suitable storage device, for example a separate control device with server. In particular, a computer-readable medium is also proposed on which the computer program is stored. The medium can be a non-volatile medium, such as flash memory, CD, hard disk, etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the drawings, which serve only for explanation and are not to be interpreted as restrictive. In the drawings show:<tb> Fig. 1 <SEP> is a schematic view of a generating grinding machine;<tb> Fig. 2 <SEP> an enlarged detail from FIG. 1 in area II;<tb> Fig. 3 <SEP> shows an enlarged detail from FIG. 1 in area III;<tb> Fig. 4 <SEP> four photographs of a grinding wheel with chippings in one or more worm flights;<tb> Fig. 5 <SEP> a photograph of a damaged gear;<tb> Fig. 6 <SEP> a diagram which shows, by way of example, characteristic signals of the single centering probe with good and bad pre-machining (fluctuation in the tooth thickness allowance) of two workpieces;<tb> Fig. 7 <SEP> shows a diagram which shows, in part (a), the course over time of the speed of the workpiece spindle when it runs up to working speed, and in part (b) shows the resulting signals from the centering probe when the workpiece is not completely carried along;<tb> Fig. 8 <SEP> is a diagram which shows the time profile of the power consumption of the tool spindle during workpiece machining when the grinding wheel comes into contact with a workpiece that is not in the correct angular position;<tb> Fig. 9 <SEP> shows a diagram which shows the time curves of the power consumption of the tool spindle during workpiece machining without a break and with a large break in the grinding wheel;<tb> Fig. 10 <SEP> is a diagram which shows the course of the mean power consumption of the tool spindle during workpiece machining over a production lot with a grinding wheel with a large cutout;<tb> Fig. 11 <SEP> is a diagram which shows, by way of example, the course over time of an acoustic signal during the head dressing of a grinding wheel with a breakout;<tb> Fig. 12 <SEP> two diagrams showing the time profile of the current consumption of the dressing spindle, (a) for a grinding wheel without chipping, and (b) for a grinding wheel with a chipping;<tb> Fig. 13 <SEP> two diagrams showing the time course of the current consumption of the dressing spindle (part (a)) or the tool spindle (part (b)) when dressing a grinding wheel with a breakout;<tb> Fig. 14 <SEP> shows a flow chart for a method for process monitoring in order to detect grinding wheel chipped off at an early stage; and<tb> Fig. 15 <SEP> a flowchart for further processes after the detection of a grinding wheel chipping.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Exemplary structure of a generating grinding machine
In FIG. 1, a generating grinding machine 1 is shown as an example. The machine has a machine bed 11 on which a tool carrier 12 is guided displaceably along an infeed direction X. The tool carrier 12 carries an axial slide 13 which is guided along an axial direction Z so as to be displaceable relative to the tool carrier 12. A grinding head 14 is mounted on the axial slide 13 and can be pivoted about a pivot axis (the so-called A-axis) running parallel to the X-axis in order to adapt to the helix angle of the toothing to be machined. The grinding head 14 in turn carries a shift slide on which a tool spindle 15 can be displaced along a shift axis Y relative to the grinding head 14. A helical profiled grinding wheel 16 is clamped on the tool spindle 15. The grinding wheel 16 is driven by the tool spindle 15 to rotate about a tool axis B.
The machine bed 11 also carries a pivotable workpiece carrier 20 in the form of a rotating tower, which can be pivoted about an axis C3 between at least three positions. Two identical workpiece spindles are mounted diametrically opposite one another on the workpiece carrier 20, of which only one workpiece spindle 21 with the associated tailstock 22 is visible in FIG. 1. The workpiece spindle visible in FIG. 1 is in a machining position in which a workpiece 23 clamped on it can be machined with the grinding wheel 16. The other workpiece spindle, which is offset by 180 ° and is not visible in FIG. 1, is in a workpiece change position in which a finished workpiece can be removed from this spindle and a new blank can be clamped. A dressing device 30 is mounted offset by 90 ° to the workpiece spindles.
All driven axes of the generating grinding machine 1 are digitally controlled by a machine control 40. The machine control 40 receives sensor signals from a large number of sensors in the generating grinding machine 1 and outputs control signals to the actuators of the generating grinding machine 1 as a function of these sensor signals. The machine control 40 comprises, in particular, several axis modules 41, which provide control signals at their outputs for one machine axis each (i.e. for at least one actuator that is used to drive the machine axis in question, such as a servomotor). It also includes an operator panel 43 and a control device 42 with a control computer, which interacts with the operator panel 43 and the axis modules 41. The control device 42 receives operator commands from the operator panel 43 as well as sensor signals and uses them to calculate control commands for the axis modules. It also outputs operating parameters on the basis of the sensor signals to the control panel 43 for display.
A server 44 is connected to the control device 42. The control device 42 transmits a unique identifier as well as selected operating parameters (in particular measured variables and variables derived therefrom) to the server 44 for each workpiece. The server 44 stores these data in a database so that the associated operating parameters can be called up for each workpiece. The server 44 can be located in-machine or remote from the machine. In the latter case, the server 44 can be connected to the control device 42 via a network, in particular via an internal LAN, via a WAN or via the Internet. The server 44 is designed to preferably receive and manage data from a single generating grinding machine. When using several generating grinding machines, a second server is usually used, because this allows central access to the stored data and better handling of the large amounts of data. Furthermore, this data is better secured on a second server.
In FIG. 2, the detail II from FIG. 1 is shown enlarged. The tool spindle 15 can be seen with the grinding wheel 16 clamped on it. A measuring probe 17 is pivotably mounted on a stationary part of the tool spindle 15. This measuring probe 17 can optionally be pivoted between the measuring position of FIG. 2 and a parking position. In the measuring position, the measuring probe 17 can be used to measure the toothing of a workpiece 23 on the workpiece spindle 21 by probing. This happens "inline", i.e. while the workpiece 23 is still on the workpiece spindle 21. This means that processing errors can be identified at an early stage. In the parked position, the measuring probe 17 is located in an area in which it is protected from collisions with the workpiece spindle 21, the tailstock 22, workpiece 23 and other components on the workpiece carrier 20. While the workpiece is being machined, the measuring probe 17 is in this parking position.
A single centering probe 24 is arranged on a side of the workpiece 23 facing away from the grinding wheel 16. In the present example, the single centering probe 24 is designed and arranged according to the publication WO 2017/194251 A1. With regard to the functioning and arrangement of a single centering probe, express reference is made to the cited publication. In particular, the single centering probe 24 can comprise an inductively or capacitively operating proximity sensor, as is well known from the prior art. But it is also conceivable to use an optically working sensor for the single centering operation, e.g. directs a light beam onto the toothing to be measured and detects the light reflected by this, or which detects the interruption of a light beam by the toothing to be measured while it rotates around the workpiece axis C1. Furthermore, it is conceivable that one or more additional sensors are arranged on the single centering probe 24, which can acquire process data directly on the workpiece, as was proposed, for example, in US Pat. Such additional sensors can include, for example, a second single centering sensor for a second toothing, a temperature sensor, a further structure-borne noise sensor, a pneumatic sensor, etc.
Furthermore, an acoustic sensor 18 is indicated purely symbolically in FIG. 2. The acoustic sensor 18 serves to record the structure-borne noise of the tool spindle 15 that occurs during the grinding machining of a workpiece and during the dressing of the grinding wheel. In reality, the acoustic sensor is mostly not (as indicated in Fig. 2) on a housing part, but e.g. be arranged directly on the stator of the drive motor of the tool spindle 15 in order to ensure efficient sound transmission. Acoustic sensors or structure-borne sound sensors of the type mentioned are well known per se and are routinely used in generating grinding machines.
A coolant nozzle 19 directs a coolant jet into the processing zone. A further acoustic sensor (not shown) can be provided in order to identify noises which are transmitted via this coolant jet.
In FIG. 3, the detail III from FIG. 1 is shown enlarged. The dressing device 30 can be seen particularly well here. A dressing spindle 32, on which a disk-shaped dressing tool 33 is clamped, is arranged on a swivel drive 31, pivotable about an axis C4. Instead or in addition, a stationary dressing tool can also be provided, in particular a so-called head dresser, which is provided to only come into engagement with the head regions of the worm flights of the grinding wheel in order to dress these head regions.
Processing of a workpiece lot
In order to machine a still unprocessed workpiece (blank), the workpiece is clamped by an automatic workpiece changer on that workpiece spindle which is in the workpiece change position. The workpiece change takes place at the same time as machining another workpiece on the other workpiece spindle that is in the machining position. When the new workpiece to be machined is clamped and the machining of the other workpiece is completed, the workpiece carrier 20 is pivoted 180 ° around the C3 axis so that the spindle with the new workpiece to be machined moves into the machining position. Before and / or during the pivoting process, an individual centering operation is carried out with the aid of the assigned centering probe. For this purpose, the workpiece spindle 21 is set in rotation, and the position of the tooth gaps of the workpiece 23 is measured with the aid of the centering probe 24. The rolling angle is determined on this basis. In addition, with the help of the single centering probe, indications of excessive variation in the tooth thickness allowance and other pre-machining errors can be derived even before machining begins. This is explained in more detail below in connection with FIG. 6.
When the workpiece spindle carrying the workpiece 23 to be machined has reached the machining position, the workpiece 23 is brought into engagement with the grinding wheel 16 without collision by moving the tool carrier 12 along the X axis. The workpiece 23 is now machined by the grinding wheel 16 in rolling engagement. Meanwhile, the tool spindle 15 is slowly and continuously shifted along the shift axis Y in order to allow areas of the grinding wheel 16 that have not yet been used during machining to be used (so-called shift movement). As soon as the machining of the workpiece 23 is completed, it is optionally measured inline with the aid of the measuring probe 17.
At the same time as machining the workpiece, the finished workpiece is removed from the other workpiece spindle, and a further blank is clamped onto this spindle. Each time the workpiece carrier is swiveled around the C3 axis, selected components are monitored before swiveling or within the swivel time, i.e. time-neutral, and the machining process is only continued when all defined requirements have been met.
If, after machining a certain number of workpieces, the use of the grinding wheel 16 has progressed so far that the grinding wheel is too blunt and / or the flank geometry is too imprecise, then the grinding wheel is dressed. For this purpose, the workpiece carrier 20 is pivoted by ± 90 °, so that the dressing device 30 comes into a position in which it lies opposite the grinding wheel 16. The grinding wheel 16 is now dressed with the dressing tool 33.
Chipped grinding wheels
During machining, grinding wheel chippings can occur. 4 illustrates various forms of grinding wheel chippings 51 on grinding worms. In part (a), a single worm thread is almost completely broken away over a certain angular range. In part (b), on the other hand, several worm threads are locally damaged in many different places in their head area. There are also several local damages in part (c), but these are deeper than in part (b). In part (d), the grinding wheel is massively damaged in two areas, with several adjacent worm flights almost completely broken away in these areas. All these types of damage can occur in practice and lead to different effects when machining the workpiece.
5 illustrates an incorrectly machined gear. All of the teeth 52 are damaged in their head area because the gear was brought into engagement with the grinding wheel in an incorrect angular position, so that the grinding wheel gears could not dip properly into the tooth gaps of the gear. Such a situation can arise if the single centering operation was incorrectly completed or if the gearwheel was not driven correctly when the workpiece spindle was started up to its operating speed. This situation often leads not only to damage to the gearwheel, but also to massive chipping of the grinding wheel. This situation should therefore be recognized and prevented as early as possible.
Notes on possible grinding wheel chipping through process monitoring
In order to prevent grinding wheel chipping as far as possible or to be able to recognize existing chipping at an early stage, various operating parameters are continuously monitored during the processing of a production batch. The parameters or the variables derived from them are also stored in a database so that subsequent analyzes can also be carried out. Of particular importance in the present context are the speeds, angular positions and power consumption of the tool, workpiece and dressing spindles, the speed and angular position of the workpiece itself, the signals from the single centering probe and the positions of the linear axes of the machine. In the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3, the control device 42 is used for monitoring. In particular, the operating parameters of the generating grinding machine discussed below are monitored:
(a) Determination of preprocessing errors with the aid of the single centering probe
FIG. 6 illustrates typical signals as received by the single centering probe 24. These are binary signals which indicate a logical one if there is a tooth tip area in front of the single centering probe and which indicate a logical zero if there is a tooth gap in front of the single centering probe. The pulse width Pb or the duty cycle of the signals of the centering probe derived therefrom is a measure for the tooth thickness and thus for the dimension between the measured thickness and the target thickness (“dimension indicator”). In part (a) of FIG. 6, the pulse width Pb is small, which indicates a small (possibly even negative) dimension, while in part (b) the pulse width Pb is large, which indicates a large (possibly too large) dimension . The variation of the pulse width Pb is shown in FIG. 6 in a deliberately exaggerated manner for purposes of illustration.
From the signal pattern of the single centering probe 24, direct conclusions can be drawn about the dimensions of each tooth. This can be used to derive indications of pre-machining errors such as excessive or uneven dimensions.
The control device 42 receives the signals from the single centering probe and derives a warning indicator therefrom, which indicates whether there are indications of preprocessing errors. If this is the case, machining is stopped before there is contact between workpiece 23 and grinding wheel 16, in order to prevent damage to grinding wheel 16. In addition, the warning indicator can trigger a check of the grinding wheel for damage from previous workpieces.
(b) Monitoring of the speeds of the workpiece spindle and workpiece
7 illustrates how the speed nw of the workpiece spindle 21 and the resulting speed of the workpiece 23 clamped thereon are compared with one another. The speed of rotation of the workpiece spindle 21 can be read out directly from the machine control (part (a) of FIG. 7). The rotational speed of the workpiece, on the other hand, is again determined with the aid of the centering probe 24. 7 shows typical signals in part (b) as received by the single centering probe 24. In the present example, the signals have a steadily decreasing period Pd while the workpiece spindle has already reached the setpoint speed. They thus indicate that the workpiece 23 is still accelerating while the workpiece spindle 21 has already reached its setpoint speed. In the present example, the workpiece 23 is therefore not correctly carried along on the workpiece spindle 21.
Such a case can occur if the tolerance values are exceeded during the preliminary machining of the workpiece clamping bases, such as the bore and face sides. The workpiece is usually carried along in a defined frictional connection, i.e. when a collet is widened, a frictional torque acts on the workpiece bore and an axial contact force generates a radial frictional force on the two flat sides. However, if the workpiece bore is too large and / or the flat sides are too crooked, this frictional engagement is reduced and, above a critical value, there is slip between the workpiece spindle and the workpiece.
If deviations are found between the rotation rates of the workpiece and the workpiece spindle, it makes sense to stop further processing immediately in order to prevent damage to the grinding wheel 16. Since it cannot be ruled out that the grinding wheel 16 has already been damaged, it is also useful to examine the grinding wheel 16 for damage.
For this purpose, the control device 42 monitors the signals of the single centering probe 24 and the speed signals of the workpiece spindle from the associated axis module 41. In the event of a deviation, the control device 42 sets a warning indicator. Using the warning indicator, machining is stopped before there is contact between workpiece 23 and grinding wheel 16. In addition, the warning indicator can trigger a check of the grinding wheel for damage from previous workpieces.
(c) Monitoring the angle of rotation of the workpiece spindle and workpiece
As an alternative or in addition to the comparison of the rotation rates, the rotation angles of the workpiece spindle and the associated workpiece can also be compared before and after machining. Even if there are deviations here, this indicates the presence of slip, and it makes sense to examine the grinding wheel 16 for possible damage. Correspondingly, the control device 42 also sets a warning indicator in this case.
(d) Monitoring of the current cutting performance
Another possibility for the early detection of possible grinding wheel chippings is illustrated in FIG. In measurement curve 61, this shows the power consumption Is of the tool spindle as a function of time during the machining of an individual workpiece. The current consumption of the tool spindle is a direct indicator of the current machining performance. In this respect, it can be regarded as an example of a cutting power signal.
In the present example, curve 61 shows a sudden steep rise and a subsequent steep fall in this current consumption at the start of processing. This indicates that a collision of one of the teeth of the workpiece with a worm thread of the grinding wheel 16 has taken place. In this case, too, it makes sense to stop further processing immediately and examine the grinding wheel 16 for possible damage. To this end, the control device 42 again sets a corresponding warning indicator.
(c) Monitoring of the cutting energy per workpiece
A further possibility for (albeit relatively late) detection of possible grinding wheel breakages is based on the monitoring of the energy that was expended for the machining of each workpiece (“cutting energy”). This is a measure of the amount of material cut during machining of the workpiece in question. When machining with a grinding worm area that has been damaged by chipping, the amount of material removed is generally less than when machining with an undamaged grinding worm area. It is therefore possible, by monitoring the cutting energy per workpiece, to obtain information on a possible grinding wheel chipping.
This is illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 9 and 10. In measurement curve 62, FIG. 9 shows the power consumption Is of the tool spindle as a function of time during the machining of an individual workpiece with an undamaged grinding worm. The measurement curve 63, on the other hand, represents the course of the power consumption during machining with a grinding worm in the area of a large breakout. Due to the breakout, the machining performance and therefore the power consumption of the tool spindle are greatly reduced. The integral of the power consumption during the time required to machine a single workpiece (i.e. the area under the respective measurement curve) is a measure of the total cutting energy used for the workpiece, i.e. the amount of material cut per workpiece. When machining in the area of a chipped grinding wheel, this integral is smaller than when machining with an undamaged area of the grinding wheel.
Instead of the integral of the current consumption, other quantities can also be used as a measure of the total cutting energy, e.g. the mean value, the maximum (possibly after a smoothing operation in order to hide outliers) or the result of a fit to a given shape of the current curve. The measure for the total cutting energy is also referred to as the cutting energy indicator in the present context.
10 illustrates how the mean current consumption Iav of the tool spindle changes during machining from workpiece to workpiece N when the grinding wheel is damaged. Machining begins with a grinding wheel that has a large central cutout. At the beginning of the machining cycle, the workpieces are machined with a first, undamaged end of the grinding wheel. In the course of machining, the grinding wheel is continuously shifted so that the area with the breakout is increasingly used for machining. Towards the end of the cycle, the opposite, also undamaged end of the grinding wheel comes into contact with the workpiece. Accordingly, the mean power consumption Iav of the tool spindle initially decreases, and then increases again towards the end of the cycle. The result is a characteristic curve for the mean current consumption Iav from the first to the N-th workpiece.
Each cycle ends at point 65, the grinding wheel is dressed, and a new cycle begins. During dressing, the damaged worm flights are gradually restored so that the changes in the mean current consumption Iav become smaller and smaller in later cycles.
A current profile 64, as shown by way of example in FIG. 10, can therefore be evaluated as an indication of a grinding wheel chipping. In order to check whether there is actually a breakout, it makes sense to stop machining and examine the grinding wheel for possible damage. To this end, the control device 42 also sets a corresponding warning indicator in this case.
Automated checking of the grinding wheel for chippings
A check of the grinding wheel for possible damage can take place automatically in that the grinding wheel is passed over with a dressing tool in the head area of its worm threads and the contact between the grinding wheel and the dressing tool is detected.
The detection of the touch can take place acoustically, as illustrated in FIG. 11. The measurement curve 71 shows, as an example, the time course of an acoustic signal Va, as can be determined, for example, by the acoustic sensor 18 indicated in FIG. 2, during a dressing process in which the dressing tool is deliberately only brought into contact with the head regions of the worm flights. The signal indicates when the dresser engages and disengages from the head areas. If the grinding wheel is undamaged, a periodic signal can be expected. If, on the other hand, there are gaps in the signal, such as gap 72 in FIG. 11, this indicates a breakout in a spiral flight.
As an alternative, a dressing process can also be started automatically, as is described below, since it can also be reliably detected during dressing whether there are any chipped grinding wheels. The disadvantage, however, is that a significantly lower grinding wheel speed has to be used during dressing, which increases the non-productive time for this control measure somewhat.
Other methods for automatically checking the grinding wheel for damage are also conceivable. So it is e.g. It is possible to examine the grinding wheel for damage with an optical sensor, or it is possible to examine the grinding wheel for damage with the aid of the noises that the coolant jet from the coolant nozzle 19 causes when it hits the grinding wheel. Structure-borne noise measurements via the coolant jet are known per se (see, for example, Klaus Nordmann, "Process monitoring during grinding and dressing", Schleifen + Polieren 05/2004, Fachverlag Möller, Velbert (DE), pages 52-56), but were not used to detect broken grinding wheels used.
Further characterization of the grinding wheel chipping
If a breakout has been confirmed with certainty in this way, it makes sense to completely dress the grinding worm and thereby determine further characteristics of the breakout and / or to eliminate the breakout. This is illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13.
12 illustrates how a grinding wheel chipping can be characterized in more detail by means of current measurements during dressing. In part (a), FIG. 12 shows a measurement curve 81 which shows a typical course of the current consumption Id of the dressing spindle as a function of time when dressing a grinding wheel when the grinding wheel is evenly worn and has no breakouts. The measurement curve 81 is always above a lower envelope curve 82. Part (b) shows the course of the power consumption Id for a grinding wheel with a singular, deep breakout. In the period in which the dressing tool is working in the area of the grinding wheel breakout, the power consumption Id shows strong fluctuations, in particular a strong dip.
In the simplest case, such fluctuations can be detected by monitoring whether the value of the current consumption falls below the lower envelope curve 82. In areas where this is the case, it can be concluded that a grinding wheel has broken away. Of course, more sophisticated methods of detecting fluctuations in power consumption can also be used. For example, a mean value 83 of the current consumption can be formed and it can be monitored whether deviations therefrom downwards (here: at the minimum value 84) and / or upwards (here: at the maximum value 85) lie within a certain tolerance band. Regardless of how the fluctuations are recognized in detail, the position of the breakout along the worm gear concerned can be deduced from the point in time or angle of rotation at which the fluctuations occur. The degree of damage to the worm thread can be inferred from the magnitude of the fluctuations.
13 illustrates that not only the power consumption of the dressing spindle but also the power consumption of the tool spindle can be used to characterize grinding wheel chippings. Part (a) shows the current consumption Id of the dressing spindle over time, and part (b) shows the current consumption Is the tool spindle during the dressing of a grinding wheel with a break. It can be seen that not only the power consumption of the dressing spindle, but also the power consumption of the tool spindle in the period in which the dressing takes place in the area of the breakout shows fluctuations. However, these fluctuations are more pronounced in the current consumption of the dressing spindle, so that the current consumption of the dressing spindle is generally preferable to the current consumption of the tool spindle as a measured variable for characterizing a grinding wheel chipping.
The grinding wheel chipping characterized in this way can be eliminated by dressing several times if necessary. If the breakout is very large and it would take too long to remove it by dressing, it can also make sense to dispense with further dressing processes and instead replace the damaged grinding wheel or only use the grinding worm in its undamaged areas for further workpiece machining.
Example of a procedure for automatic process control
FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate, by way of example, a possible method for automatic process control which implements the above considerations.
In the machining operation 110, workpieces of a workpiece lot are machined one after the other with the generating grinding machine. Before and during the machining 111 of each workpiece, in the monitoring step 112, among other things, the measured variables explained above are determined and monitored. In particular, the pulse width Pb of the signals from the centering probe is monitored to determine whether there are any preprocessing errors. In addition, it is monitored whether the difference between the speed nw of the workpiece spindle and the speed nAd of the workpiece is greater than a (selected small) threshold value nt. In addition, it is monitored whether the difference between the change in angle ΔφW of the workpiece spindle and the change in angle ΔφA of the workpiece in the course of machining is greater than a threshold value Δφt (which is also selected to be small). In addition, the course of the current consumption Is (t) of the tool spindle is monitored for each workpiece, and the change in the averaged spindle current Iav (N) from workpiece to workpiece N is monitored. A warning indicator W is continuously determined in step 113 from the result of this monitoring.
On the basis of the warning indicator, the following decisions are automatically made in a decision step 114:<tb> <SEP> 1. If the warning indicator does not indicate any problems (e.g. as long as it is smaller than a threshold value Wt), workpiece machining is continued normally.<tb> <SEP> 2. If the warning indicator indicates a possible problem, the machining of the workpiece is temporarily stopped. The warning indicator is used to decide whether the workpiece is to be sorted out immediately (this is useful, for example, if the warning indicator indicates incorrect pre-machining or a slippage-prone clamping of the workpiece), or whether the grinding wheel is to be checked first.
The grinding wheel is then checked in step 120 for a possible breakout. In the present example, the head area of the grinding worm flights is traversed with the dressing tool in step 121. In step 122 it is determined by acoustic measurements or current measurements whether there is contact between the dressing tool and the grinding worm, and a contact signal is output accordingly. In step 123, an outbreak indicator A is determined from the time profile of the contact signal. In decision step 124 it is checked whether the outbreak indicator A exceeds a certain threshold value At.
If this is not the case, the workpiece machining is continued. If necessary, the removal rate is reduced in order to reduce the probability that the warning indicator will again indicate possible problems with subsequent workpieces.
If, on the other hand, the chipping indicator exceeds the threshold value, the grinding wheel chipping is characterized in more detail in operation 130 and, if necessary, eliminated. For this purpose, the grinding wheel is usually dressed with several dressing strokes (step 131), and a dressing power signal is determined for each dressing stroke during the dressing (step 132). A breakout dimension M is determined from the dressing power signal for each dressing stroke (step 133). In decision step 134 it is checked whether the breakout dimension M indicates that the breakout can sensibly be eliminated. If this is not the case, a further check is made in decision step 136 as to whether the breakout is limited to a sufficiently small area of the grinding wheel so that machining can still take place with the undamaged areas of the grinding wheel. If this is not sensibly possible either, the operator is instructed in step 137 to replace the grinding wheel. If, on the other hand, the breakout dimension M indicates that it makes sense to eliminate the breakout by dressing, a check is made in decision step 135 as to whether the last dressing process carried out was already sufficient to eliminate the breakout. If so, processing continues (step 138). Otherwise, the characterization and elimination process 130 is repeated until the breakout measure M indicates that the breakout has been sufficiently eliminated, and processing is continued again.
Overall, a decision can thus be made automatically, quickly and reliably for each workpiece as to whether machining can take place or whether a machining that has been implemented should be checked separately in case of doubt.
Modifications
While the invention has been explained above on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments, the invention is in no way restricted to these examples, and many modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the generating grinding machine can also be constructed differently than in the examples described above, as is well known to the person skilled in the art. The method described can of course also include other measures for monitoring and decision-making.
Further considerations
In summary, the present invention is based on the following considerations:<tb> <SEP> Despite the complexity of generating grinding, robust process control is the goal of automated production that delivers the required quality as quickly and as trouble-free as possible. In addition, it makes sense to assign automated documentation about its processing and final quality to each gear. Online data should be made available for reliable traceability of all relevant production steps at the "push of a button" and for generalized process optimization and / or increased efficiency.
The invention therefore uses means that indications of process deviations, in particular outbreaks of different sizes, can be detected and a warning signal is output. The warning signal can be determined in particular on the basis of signals from the single centering probe or by measuring current values on the tool spindle.
The warning signal can immediately stop machining, the completely or partially machined workpiece is automatically separated out as a NOK part by means of the handling device, and the control device determines and optionally stores the shift position or Y position of the grinding worm in the event of a defect. The grinding wheel is then checked for breakouts. For this purpose, a minimum amount of the head area of the grinding worm is dressed with a dresser at the working speed of the grinding spindle and the current and / or the signal of an acoustic sensor is recorded in order to reliably detect breakouts. Alternatively, a check for outbreaks is carried out using another method, e.g. visually, acoustically by means of a coolant jet, or through a complete dressing stroke. This process can also be carried out at fixed intervals and without a warning signal from the single centering probe, because it allows you to identify smaller chippings on the grinding worm that were not caused by incorrectly machined workpieces. If this measurement detects an outbreak, the recording equipment makes the following decisions:<tb> <SEP> further processing of the production lot and the damaged area on the grinding worm for further processing;<tb> <SEP> Dress up the grinding worm and then possibly continue working with reduced metal removal rates; or<tb> <SEP> Replace the grinding worm and finish processing the production lot with a new grinding worm.
When dressing the grinding wheel, it should be noted that the first dressing strokes are usually carried out with the setting values for the production lot. A long dressing time can therefore be required for large and very large breakouts. Here, adaptive or self-learning dressing can save a lot of time and there is no need to change the grinding worm, which is also time-consuming.
However, if this measurement does not detect a breakout on the grinding worm, although a warning signal has been detected, the control device makes the following decisions:<tb> <SEP> Further processing of the production batch with reduced machining values;<tb> <SEP> Stop processing the production lot and inform the operator.
For this purpose, an automatic process monitoring of a production lot during grinding and dressing can be carried out by means of a CNC generating grinding machine with peripheral automation technology for workpiece transport with the aid of a separate control device with a connected server. The control device is set up in such a way that for each workpiece in a production batch, preferably all sensor data from the generating grinding machine, the corresponding setting values and machining values, preferably the current values on the tool, workpiece and dressing spindle and the signals from the single centering probe are permanently recorded and stored in a server. Optionally, with each automatically performed workpiece change, time-neutral component monitoring can take place, which releases the processing if there is no complaint. Among other things, a cutting power signal and a cutting energy indicator are determined, which are correlated with the other data in the control device and, after processing the first workpieces, also with the data stored in the server. The warning indicator can then be issued at an early stage.
REFERENCE LIST
1 Generating grinding machine 11 Machine bed 12 Tool carrier 13 Axial slide 14 Grinding head 15 Tool spindle 16 Grinding wheel 17 Measuring probe 18 Acoustic sensor 19 Coolant nozzle 20 Workpiece carrier 21 Workpiece spindle 22 Tailstock 23 Workpiece 24 Single centering probe 31 Swiveling device 32 Dressing spindle 33 Dressing tool 40 Machine control 41 Axis modules 42 Control device 43 CNC control panel 44 Server 51 Grinding wheel chipping 52 Tooth 61-63 Measurement curve 64 Current curve 65 Dressing time 71 Measurement curve 72 Gap 81 Measurement curve 82 Envelope curve 83 Average value 84 Minimum value 85 Maximum value 110 Machining process 111 Workpiece machining 112 Monitoring 113 Determination of W 114 Decision step 120 Breakout detection process 121 Overrun 122 Determination of contact signal 123 Determination of A 124 Decision step 130 Characterization / removal 131 Dressing 132 Determination of dressing performance 133 Determination of M 134-136 Decision steps 137 Grinding wheel change 138 Further processing g a.u. Arbitrary unit A Breakout indicator At threshold value of the breakout indicator B Tool axis C1 Workpiece axis C3 Swivel axis of the workpiece carrier C4 Swivel axis of the dressing device Iav Average current consumption of the tool spindle IdCurrent consumption of the dressing spindle IsCurrent consumption of the tool spindle M Breakout shaft size nADifferent speed of the workpiece spindle nWNTWorkpiece speed Pb Pulse width of the single centering signal / tooth Pd Duration of the signal period of the single centering signal / tooth t Time Va acoustic signal W Warning indicator Wt Threshold value of the warning indicator X Infeed direction Y Shift axis Z Axial direction ΔφA Angle change of the workpiece Δφt Threshold value of the angle change difference ΔφW Angle change of the workpiece spindle

权利要求:
Claims (21)
[1]
1. A method for automatic process control during continuous generating grinding of pre-toothed workpieces (23) with a generating grinding machine (1),wherein the generating grinding machine (1) has a tool spindle (15) and at least one workpiece spindle (21), wherein a helical profiled grinding wheel (16) with one or more worm flights is clamped on the tool spindle (15), the grinding wheel (16) around one The tool axis (B) is rotatable, and the workpieces (23) can be clamped on the at least one workpiece spindle (21),the method comprising:Machining the workpieces (23) with the generating grinding machine (1), the workpieces (23) being clamped for the machining on the at least one workpiece spindle (21) and being brought into rolling engagement with the grinding wheel (16) one after the other; andMonitoring at least one measured variable while the workpieces are being processed (23),characterized in that a warning indicator (W) for an impermissible process deviation is determined from the at least one monitored measured variable.
[2]
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the warning indicator (W) is a warning indicator for a grinding wheel chipping (19).
[3]
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein an automatic check of the grinding wheel (16) for a grinding wheel chipping (19) is carried out if the warning indicator (W) indicates a grinding wheel chipping (19).
[4]
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the generating grinding machine (1) has a dressing device (30) with a dressing tool (33), and wherein the automatic checking of the grinding wheel (16) for a grinding wheel chipping (19) comprises the following steps:Driving over a head region of the grinding wheel (16) with the dressing tool (33);Determining a contact signal while the head region is being traversed, the contact signal indicating contact of the dressing tool (33) with the head region of the grinding wheel (16); andDetermination of a breakout indicator (A) by analyzing the contact signal, the breakout indicator (A) showing whether a grinding wheel breakout (19) is present.
[5]
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the generating grinding machine has an acoustic sensor (18) to acoustically detect the engagement of the dressing tool (33) with the grinding wheel (16), and wherein the contact signal comprises an acoustic signal (Va), which with the help of Acoustic sensor (18) is determined.
[6]
6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the dressing device (30) has a dressing spindle (32) on which the dressing tool (33) is clamped, and wherein the contact signal comprises a head dressing power signal for the power consumption of the dressing spindle (32) during of driving over the header is representative.
[7]
7. The method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the breakout indicator (A) indicates a location of the grinding wheel breakout (19) along at least one of the worm threads on the grinding wheel (16).
[8]
8. The method according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the method comprises:Dressing the grinding wheel (16) when the chipping indicator (A) shows the presence of a chipping wheel (19).
[9]
9. The method according to claim 3, wherein the generating grinding machine (1) has a dressing device (30) with a dressing tool (33), and wherein the automatic checking of the grinding wheel (16) for a grinding wheel breakout (19) includes dressing of the grinding wheel (16) comprises at least one dressing stroke.
[10]
10. The method of claim 8 or 9, wherein the method comprises:Determining a dressing power signal during dressing, the dressing power signal being representative of the power consumption of the dressing spindle (32) or tool spindle (15) during dressing;Determining a breakout dimension (M) by analyzing the course of the dressing power signal during the dressing, the breakout dimension (M) reflecting at least one characteristic of the grinding wheel breakout; andRepeat the dressing of the grinding wheel depending on the breakout dimension (M).
[11]
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the analysis of the course of the dressing power signal includes:Determination of a fluctuation quantity, the fluctuation quantity indicating local changes in the size of the dressing power signal along at least one of the worm flights.
[12]
12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,wherein the at least one monitored measured variable comprises a dimension indicator (Pb) for a tooth thickness dimension of the workpiece (23) before machining; and orwherein the at least one monitored measured variable comprises a rotation rate deviation between a rotation rate (nA) of the workpiece spindle (21) and a resulting rotation rate (nW) of the workpiece (23), and / orwherein the at least one monitored measured variable comprises an angular deviation determined by comparing an angular position of the workpiece spindle (21) after machining the workpiece (23), an associated angular position of the workpiece (23) itself, an angular position of the workpiece spindle (21) before machining of the workpiece and an assigned angular position of the workpiece itself was determined.
[13]
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the generating grinding machine has a single centering probe (24) in order to determine without contact an angular position of a workpiece (23) clamped on the at least one workpiece spindle (21), and wherein the dimension indicator (Pb), the rate of rotation or the respective angular position of the workpiece (23) is recorded with the single centering probe (24).
[14]
14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one monitored measured variable comprises a machining power signal that indicates a current machining power during the machining of each individual workpiece (23), and wherein the warning indicator (W) from the temporal course of the machining power signal over the machining of a Depending on the workpiece, in particular on the occurrence of a pulse-like rise in the cutting power signal during machining.
[15]
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the cutting power signal is a measure of the instantaneous power consumption (Is) of the tool spindle (21) during the machining of a workpiece (23).
[16]
16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,wherein the method comprises performing a continuous or discontinuous shift movement between the grinding wheel (16) and the workpieces (23) along the tool axis (B);wherein the at least one monitored measured variable comprises a cutting energy indicator (Iav) for each workpiece (23),wherein the cutting energy indicator (Iav) represents a measure for an integrated cutting performance of the grinding wheel (16) while the respective workpiece (23) was being machined with the generating grinding machine (1); andwherein the warning indicator (W) depends on how the cutting energy indicator (Iav) changes over the production of several workpieces (23) of a production lot.
[17]
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the cutting energy indicator (Iav) is a measure of the integral of the power consumption of the tool spindle (21) during the machining of an individual workpiece (23).
[18]
18. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one monitored measured variable and / or at least one variable derived therefrom, in particular the warning indicator (W), is stored in a database together with a unique identifier of the respective workpiece (23).
[19]
19. Generating grinding machine (1), comprising:a tool spindle (15) on which a helical profiled grinding wheel (16) with one or more worm threads can be clamped and driven to rotate about a tool axis (B);at least one workpiece spindle (21) in order to drive a respective pre-toothed workpiece (23) to rotate about a workpiece axis (C1); anda machine controller (40);characterized in that the machine control (40) is designed to carry out a method according to one of the preceding claims.
[20]
20. A computer program comprising instructions which cause a machine control (40) in a generating grinding machine (1) according to claim 19 to carry out a method according to any one of claims 1 to 18.
[21]
21. Computer-readable medium on which the computer program according to claim 20 is stored.

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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KR20210139353A|2021-11-22|

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TW202039155A|2020-11-01|

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CH715989B1|2020-10-30|

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WO2020193228A1|2020-10-01|

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CN113613820A|2021-11-05|

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EP3941673A1|2022-01-26|

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法律状态:

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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CH00374/19A|CH715989B1|2019-03-22|2019-03-22|Process for continuous generating grinding of pre-cut workpieces.|CH00374/19A| CH715989B1|2019-03-22|2019-03-22|Process for continuous generating grinding of pre-cut workpieces.|

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CN202080023158.4A| CN113613820A|2019-03-22|2020-03-13|Method for automatic process monitoring in continuous gear grinding|

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KR1020217032915A| KR20210139353A|2019-03-22|2020-03-13|Method for automatic process monitoring during continuous generating grinding|

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EP20712878.6A| EP3941673A1|2019-03-22|2020-03-13|Method for automatic process monitoring in continuous generation grinding|

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PCT/EP2020/056862| WO2020193228A1|2019-03-22|2020-03-13|Method for automatic process monitoring in continuous generation grinding|

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TW109109435A| TW202039155A|2019-03-22|2020-03-20|Method for automatic process monitoring during continuous generating grinding|